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"Today, the plains bison is for all practical purposes ecologically extinct within its original range." ~ C.H. Freese, Second chance for the plains bison

"Current management of private, state, and Federal bison herds is leading towards domestication of bison that threatens their wild character and limits important natural selection processes." ~ Position Statement of the Montana Chapter of The Wildlife Society on Wild Bison in Montana

"Yellowstone National Park is the only place in the lower 48 States where bison have existed in a wild state since prehistoric times. Bison occupied the region encompassing the park from shortly after recession of the last glaciers 10,000 to 12,000 years ago, until the 19th century when they came close to extirpation." ~ C. Cormack Gates, The Ecology of Bison Movements and Distribution in and beyond Yellowstone National Park

"The Bison of Yellowstone National Park are unique among bison herds in the United States, being descendants, in part, of the only continuously wild herd in this country." ~ Margaret Mary Meagher, The Bison of Yellowstone National Park

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now check out our collection of completed Bison Research Papers!

• Genetic manipulation: The purposeful alteration of an organism’s genome through selective breeding or scientific procedures to add DNA or silence gene sequences. 

• Genetic non-exchangeability: The tendency of a subspecies to remain genetically distinct from neighboring populations due to geographic isolation, sexual selection, or other factors. 

• Hazing: The forced removal of wild bison from their chosen habitat. Hazing operations taking place under the Interagency Bison Management Plan (IBMP) are directed by the Montana Department of Livestock (DOL) in the state of Montana, and by Yellowstone Park rangers within Yellowstone National Park. Hazing is an ecologically destructive activity conducted with helicopters, snowmobiles, horses, motorcycles, all-terrain vehicles, and on foot. Hazing often results in injury, death, or disturbance to bison and other wild species. 

• Hybridization: The act or process involving the mating of (or otherwise blending the genes of) organisms of different species to create a combined (“hybrid”) species. 

• Introgression: The transfer of genetic information from one species to another as a result of hybridization between them.  Introgression describes the incorporation of alleles (a variant form of a gene) from one species into the gene pool of a second species. 

• Natural limiting factors: Environmental conditions that limit the growth, abundance, or distribution of an organism or a population of organisms in an ecosystem. 

• Region: Different forest service lands are managed by different offices located throughout the country. These areas are designated and operated as distinct, separate regions by the forest service. 

• Subpopulation: An identifiable fraction or subdivision of a population sharing one or more distinct characteristics. 

• Subspecies: A taxonomic category that ranks below species and is commonly indicative of geographical isolation. Organisms belonging to different subspecies are generally capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring, yet do not do so due to geographic isolation, sexual selection, or other factors.

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